Anomalies électrocardiographiques chez les patients hospitalisés pour COVID-19 à Fianarantsoa, Madagascar

Les anomalies électrocardiographiques sont l'expression d'une atteinte cardiovasculaire lors de la COVID-19. Les troubles du rythme et de la conduction cardiaque peuvent mettre en jeu le pronostic vital à court terme au cours de la COVID -19. Notre objectif principal est de décrire les anomalies électrocardiographiques et leurs fréquences chez les patients atteints de la COVID -19. L'objectif secondaire est de déterminer l'association entre ces anomalies électrocardiographiques et la gravité de la maladie. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective à visée descriptive des patients hospitalisés pour COVID-19 dans les centres de traitement COVID -19 de Fianarantsoa sur une période de 14 mois. Résultats : Nous avons retenu 101 patients. Le sex-ratio était de 1,06. La moyenne d'âge était de 59,81ans +/- 11,9. Tous les patients retenus avaient un électrocardiogramme à 12 dérivations et un test positif à la COVID-19. L'électrocardiogramme (ECG) était anormal chez 87 (86,1%) patients. Dans les formes graves et modérées de la maladie nous avons enregistré à l'ECG: 51 (50,5%) tachycardies sinusales, 13 (12,8%) blocs de branche incomplets droits, 13 (12,8%) profil S1Q3T3, 24 (23,7%) ondes Q pathologiques, 19 (18,8%) anomalies du segment ST. Dans les formes graves de la maladie nous avons enregistré à l'ECG: 2 (3,8%) bloc auriculoventriculaire complet (BAV complet), 7 (13,4%) blocs de branche gauche complet (BBG), 5 (9,6%) blocs de branche droit complet (BBD). La tachycardie sinusale avait une association significative avec la gravité de la maladie (p=0,002). Conclusion : Des anomalies électrocardiographiques ont été observées dans notre étude. La tachycardie sinusale était associée à la gravité de la maladie. Une surveillance rythmique, des explorations cardiaques plus pertinentes sont nécessaires pour une meilleure prise charge de la COVID-19

Incidencia y características de los pacientes portadores de defectos congénitos en el Servicio de Neonatología del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 2016-2020: 5 años de experiencia / Incidence and characteristics of patients with congenital defects at the Pereira Rossell Hospital's Neonatology Department in 2016-2020: 5 years experience / Incidência e características dos pacientes com defeitos congênitos no Serviço de Neonatologia do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell 2016-2020: 5 anos de experiencia

Los defectos congénitos son alteraciones morfológicas que se originan durante la vida intrauterina que se presentan hasta en un 5% de los recién nacidos vivos. Tienen múltiples etiologías, siendo esta multifactorial en el 90% de los casos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo, descriptivo incluyendo a todos los recién nacidos portadores de defectos congénitos en el período 2016-2020. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la incidencia de defectos congénitos en recién nacidos del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell en el período mencionado, así como conocer su distribución por aparatos y sistemas, las características demográficas de esta población, la prevalencia de diagnóstico prenatal y la exposición materna a factores de riesgo durante la organogénesis. Se obtuvo una incidencia de 1,7% (423 recién nacidos afectados en 24.870 nacimientos), de los cuales el 34,98% contaba con diagnóstico prenatal. El sistema cardiovascular fue el que presentó una mayor frecuencia de alteraciones, y el defecto congénito más frecuentemente observado individualmente fue la gastrosquisis, con una incidencia de 15,28 cada 10.000 nacidos vivos. La diabetes gestacional se presentó en el 17,25% de las gestantes. Este trabajo nos permitió conocer la incidencia de defectos congénitos, así como su distribución por aparatos y sistemas. Este tipo de sistemas de vigilancia resultan fundamentales para identificar elementos a mejorar, que permitan disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de estos pacientes y también identificar precozmente factores de riesgo que aumenten estas patologías de forma significativa.

Congenital birth defects are morphological disturbances originated during gestation and present in up to 5% of live births. They have multiple etiologies, in 90% of cases of multifactorial origin. A longitudinal, prospective, observational study was carried out and it included all patients with congenital birth defects in 2016-2020. The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of newborns with congenital birth defects between 2016 and 2020, to determine their distribution by organ, to describe their demographic characteristics, to calculate the prevalence of prenatal diagnosis and to identify maternal risk factors. We obtained an incidence of 1,7% (423 affected newborns in 24870 live births), 34,98% had prenatal diagnoses. The cardiovascular system was the most frequently affected and when classified by individual birth defect, the most frequently observed was gastroschisis with 15.28 cases in 10,000 live births. Gestational diabetes was the maternal risk factor most frequently observed with 17, 25%. This study enabled us to know the incidence of congenital birth defects and their distribution by different organs at our center. These surveillance systems are key to identify areas of potential improvement that might enable us to mitigate morbidity and mortality in this group of patients.

Os defeitos congênitos são alterações morfológicas que se originam durante a vida intrauterina e ocorrem em até 5% dos recém-nascidos vivos. Possuem múltiplas etiologias, sendo multifatoriais em 90% dos casos. Realizou-se um estudo observacional, prospectivo e descritivo incluindo todos os recém-nascidos com defeitos congênitos no período 2016-2020. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a incidência de defeitos congênitos em recém-nascidos do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell no período 2016-2020, bem como conhecer sua distribuição por órgãos e sistemas, as características demográficas dessa população, a prevalência de diagnóstico pré-natal e exposição materna a fatores de risco durante a organogênese. Obteve-se uma incidência de 1,7% (423 recém-nascidos afetados em 24.870 nascimentos), dos quais 34,98% tiveram diagnóstico pré-natal. O sistema cardiovascular foi o que apresentou maior frequência de alterações, e o defeito congênito mais observado individualmente foi a gastrosquise com incidência de 15,28 em cada 10.000 nascidos vivos. O diabetes gestacional ocorreu em 17,25% das gestantes. Este paper permitiu conhecer a incidência de defeitos congênitos, bem como sua distribuição por órgãos e sistemas. Estes tipos de sistemas de vigilância são essenciais para identificar elementos a melhorar, que permitam reduzir a morbilidade e mortalidade desses pacientes e também identificar precocemente fatores de risco que aumentam significativamente essas patologias.

Doença arterial obstrutiva periférica em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica dialítica na região de Toledo - Paraná: prevalência e fatores de risco / Peripheral arterial disease in patients with dialytic chronic renal failure in the region of Toledo - Paraná: prevalence and risk factors

Introdução: a doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP) tem alta prevalência na população em geral e está associada a elevado risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB), é um exame simples e não invasivo, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade no diagnóstico de DAOP. A patologia pode estar associada a diversos fatores de risco, entre eles a doença renal crônica terminal. Contudo, os dados que avaliam sua prevalência e fatores de risco na população de doentes renais crônicos são escassos. Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica dialítica. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal, que analisou 117 pacientes com doença renal dialítica. Foram avaliados através de um questionário para identificação dos fatores de risco e submetidos ao teste do ITB, sendo considerado diagnóstico de DAOP quando ITB <0,9. Resultados: o presente estudo evidenciou uma prevalência de DAOP em 11% dos pacientes, sendo 10 classificados como DAOP leve e 3 como moderada. Não foram encontrados pacientes com DAOP severa. Entretanto, 54 pacientes (46,2%) apresentaram rigidez de parede vascular. Assim, foi possível verificar que 67 (57,3%) pacientes apresentaram o ITB alterado. Conclusão: a alta prevalência de DAOP em pacientes com doença renal crônica dialíticafoi análoga ao encontrado por outros autores. É importante ressaltar que pacientes com ITB > 1,3 podem gerar resultados falsos-negativos no diagnóstico de DAOP. Devido a isso, a prevalência pode estar subestimada, o que sugere que o ITB nesses pacientes deve ser avaliado com mais atenção.

Background: peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has a high prevalence in the general population and is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple noninvasive exam with high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of PAD. Pathology may be associated with several risk factors, including terminal chronic kidney disease. However, data assessing their prevalence and risk factors in the chronic kidney disease population are scarce. Objectives: to determine the prevalence and risk factors of peripheral arterial disease in patients with dialytic chronic renal failure. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study that analyzed 117 patients with dialytic kidney disease. They were evaluated through a questionnaire to identify risk factors and were submitted to the ABI test, being considered a diagnosis of PAD when ABI <0.9. Results: the present study showed a prevalence of PAD in 11% of the patients, 10 classified as mild and 3 as moderate. No patients with severe PAD were found. However, 54 patients (46.2%) had vascular wall stiffness. Thus, it was possible to verify that 67 (57.3%) patients presented altered ABI. Conclusion: the high prevalence of PAD in patients with dialytic chronic kidney disease was similar to that found by other authors. It is important to highlight that patients with ABI> 1.3 may generate false negative results in the diagnosis of PAD. Because of this, the prevalence may be underestimated, suggesting that ABI in these patients should be evaluated more carefully.

Fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis en receptores de trasplante renal e Implicaciones en el síndrome cardiorenal tipo 4 / Arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis in renal transplant recipients and implications in cardiorenal syndrome type 4

Introducción: La fístula arteriovenosa por vía quirúrgica para hemodiálisis constituye el acceso vascular de elección, para ese proceder depurador, no obstante, repercute negativamente sobre el aparato cardiovascular. Objetivo: Actualizar aspectos conceptuales y conductuales relativos a la permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa para hemodiálisis posterior al trasplante renal. Métodos: Se revisó la literatura publicada en los últimos cinco años en las bases de datos; PubMed/Medline y Scopus y las fuentes de información; Cochrane Library y Ebsco. Resultados: La repercusión de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre el sistema cardiovascular tiene una marcada incidencia en diferentes alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del corazón que requieren de la adopción de una conducta destinada a evitar el riesgo. Se examinan puntos de vista convergentes y divergentes relacionados con la pertinencia de la fístula arteriovenosa como acceso vascular creado para hemodiálisis y la posibilidad de mantenerla luego del trasplante renal. Conclusiones: La fístula arteriovenosa supone el acceso vascular de apropiado para la supervivencia en hemodiálisis, sin embargo, las consecuencias de su permanencia sobre el aparato cardiovascular implican riesgo añadido de morbilidad y mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: Surgical arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis is the vascular access of choice, this purifying procedure, however, has negative impact on the cardiovascular system. Objective: To bring up-to-date conceptual and behavioral aspects related to the permanence of the arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis after renal transplantation. Methods: The literature published in the last five years was reviewed in PubMed/Medline and Scopus and information sources; Cochrane Library and Ebsco databases. Results: The repercussion of the arteriovenous fistula on the cardiovascular system has a marked incidence in different structural and functional alterations of the heart that require the adoption of a behavior to avoid risks. Convergent and divergent points of view related to the relevance of the arteriovenous fistula as a vascular access created for hemodialysis and the possibility of maintaining it after renal transplantation are examined. Conclusions: The arteriovenous fistula is the appropriate vascular access for survival in hemodialysis, however, the consequences of its permanence on the cardiovascular system imply an added risk of morbidity and mortality(AU)

Effects of an intradialytic cardiovascular rehabilitation program on functional capacity and cardiac function: ICRP trial

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem associated with an increased risk of death from cardiovascular complications. Although previous studies have described significant improvements in exercise in functional capacity and quality of life in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), there is a lack of studies that propose to assess its impact on cardiac function using transthoracic echocardiogram (ECHO). In addition, most of the intradialytic exercise protocols are inconsistent, and incomplete regarding their intensity prescription, time of intervention, and monitoring. Methods: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of an intradialytic cardiovascular rehabilitation protocol (ICRP) using medium intensity aerobic exercises, for 30 min. on cardiac function and functional capacity. In this 6-month longitudinal study, heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and modified Borg scale will be analyzed in all HD sessions. The cardiac function will be evaluated by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) through ECHO; functional capacity by the six-minute walk test (6MWT); quality of life through the SF-36 questionnaire and routine laboratory tests and KT/Vsp calculation before and after the ICRP. Conclusion: ICRP protocol will be examined and is expected to improve cardiac function, functional capacity, and quality of life in ESKD patients on hemodialysis.

Association between serum lipid profile, body mass index and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Sudanese women

Background: Epidemiological observations suggest links between osteoporosis and the risk of acute cardiovascular events. Whether the two clinical conditions are linked by common pathogenic factors or atherosclerosis per se remains incompletely understood. The reduction of bone density and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women contributes to elevated lipid parameters and body mass index (BMI). Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum lipid profile, BMI and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A prospective analytical case control-study conducted in Khartoum north hospital at Khartoum city, capital of the Sudan from April 2017 to March 2018 after ethical approval obtained from the local Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Medical Laboratories, Alzaeim Alazhary University on the committee meeting number (109) on Wednesday 15th February 2017. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants to participate in the study.Two hundred postmenopausal women were enrolled in the study. The age was studied in one hundred osteoporosis postmenopausal women as a case group and one hundred non-osteoporosis postmenopausal women as control group. The serum lipid profiles were estimated using spectrophotometers (Mandry) and BMI calculated using Quetelet index formula. The data were analysed using SPSS version 16. Results: The BMI, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL in case group respectively were (24.846±2.1647, 251.190±27.0135 mg/dl, 168.790 ±45.774 mg/dl, 50.620 ± 7.174 mg/dl, 166.868 ±28.978 mg/dl). While the BMI, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL in control group respectively were (25.378 ±3.8115, 187.990 ± 26.611 mg/dl, 139.360±20.290 mg/dl, 49.480 ±4.659 mg/dl, 111.667 ±28.0045 mg/dl). All serum lipid profiles significantly increased (p=0.000) in the case group compared to the control group, except serum HDL was insignificant different between the case and control group and also BMI was insignificant different between the case and control group. There was a positive Pearson's correlation between BMD and serum total cholesterol (r= 0.832, P<0.01), serum LDL (r = 0.782, P<0.01) and serum triglyceride (r = 0.72, P<0.01). Conclusions: Osteoporotic postmenopausal women had a significant increase in serum lipid profile and BMI. Moreover, we found a positive link between women with cardiovascular diseases and stroke

Síndrome de heterotaxia: hallazgos tomográficos / Heterotaxy syndrome: tomographic findings

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los aspectos tomográficos relevantes en el síndrome de heterotaxia, mediante cuatro pacientes que ejemplifican los hallazgos más frecuentes en esta patología. Situs solitus es la disposición habitual de los órganos y vasos sanguíneos y situs inversus se refiere a la imagen en espejo del situs solitus. Cuando la disposición de los órganos es indeterminada e impredecible y no se corresponde con el situs solitus ni el situs inversus, estamos frente al situs ambiguus o síndrome de heterotaxia, espectro de anomalías poco frecuente en las relaciones de los órganos toracoabdominales. Puede acompañarse de isomerismo derecho o isomerismo izquierdo. Clasificarlo en dos subgrupos es habitualmente difícil, ya que ninguno de estos tiene hallazgos únicos y patognomónicos, sino que existe amplia superposición. Ambos son de mal pronóstico, en los casos de isomerismo izquierdo un 5-10% llegan a la edad adulta, siendo de peor pronóstico los casos de isomerismo derecho, debido a que presentan inmunodepresión secundaria a la asplenia y cardiopatías congénitas más severas. Se debe analizar cada caso de forma individualizada y detallada para establecer el diagnóstico, determinar la asociación lesional y establecer aquellos pacientes que presenten mayor riesgo de complicaciones.

Abstract The objective of this brief communication is to characterize the relevant tomographic aspects in the heterotaxy syndrome, by means of 4 patients that exemplify the most frequent findings in this pathology. Situs solitus is the usual arrangement of organs and blood vessels and situs inversus refers to the mirror image of situs solitus. When the arrangement of the organs is indeterminate and unpredictable and does not correspond to situs solitus or the situs inversus, we are facing the situs ambiguus or heterotaxy syndrome, abnormal spectrum of anomalies in the relations of the thoracoabdominal organs. It may be accompanied by right isomerism or left isomerism. Attempts to classify it into two subgroups are usually difficult since none of these has unique and pathognomonic findings, but rather there is broad overlap. Both are of poor prognosis, in the cases of left isomerism 5-10% reach adulthood, with a worse prognosis being the cases of right isomerism due to the fact that they have immunodepression secondary to asplenia and more severe congenital cardiopathies. Each case should be analyzed in an individualized and detailed manner to establish the diagnosis, determine the lesional association and establish those patients that present a higher risk of complications.

Prevalence and clinical significance of fetal tricuspid regurgitation during the third trimester of pregnancy / Prevalência e significado clínico da regurgitação tricúspide em fetos no terceiro trimestre da gestação

Abstract Objectives: the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fetal tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) during the third trimester of low-risk pregnancies and to assess its clinical significance on neonates. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study including 330 singleton fetuses referred for routine fetal echocardiography during 3rd trimester in a fetal medicine center in Recife, Brazil. The presence and degree of tricuspid regurgitation were analyzed. Whenever TR was identified on fetal echocardiography, postnatal data, including the results of postnatal echocardiography were reviewed. Results: the prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation was 10.0% (n=33) in the study population. Regarding regurgitation degree, 90.9% (n=30) presented mild regurgitation and none presented important TR. Postnatal data was obtained from 21 neonates. Twenty of them were discharged without any complications, and one presented respiratory distress due to prematurity. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in 66.7% (n=14) of the neonates and it was normal in 92.9% (n=13) of them. One neonate, 7.1%, persisted with tricuspid regurgitation, but had no other findings. Conclusions: tricuspid regurgitation in fetuses with normal cardiac anatomy during the 3rd trimester is a common condition in low-risk pregnancies, and is not associated with cardiac abnormalities or need for neonatal intervention.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a prevalência da regurgitação tricúspide (RT) em fetos no terceiro trimestre de gestações de baixo risco e investigar sua repercussão clínica nos recémnascidos. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal incluindo 330 fetos encaminhados para realização de ecocardiograma fetal de rotina no terceiro trimestre da gestação num centro de medicina fetal em Recife, Brasil. A presença e o grau de insuficiência tricúspide foram estudados. Quando RT estava presente ao ecocardiograma fetal dados pós-natais, incluindo ecocardiograma, também foram analisados. Resultados: a prevalência de RT foi de 10,0% na população estudada, sendo que 90,9% (n=30) dos casos foram classificados como RT leve, e nenhum caso de RT importante foi identificado. Foram obtidos dados pós-natais de 21 recém-nascidos. Destes, 20 receberam alta hospitalar sem nenhuma complicação, enquanto 1 apresentou desconforto respiratório associado à prematuridade. Ecocardiograma transtorácico foi realizado em 66.7% (n=14) dos recém-nascidos avaliados, e foi normal em 92.9% (n=13) deles. Apenas 1 recém-nascido, 7.1%, persistiu com RT mas sem outros achados significativos. Conclusões: a RT em fetos com anatomia cardíaca normal é comum no terceiro trimestre de gestações de baixo risco e não parece associar-se a anomalias cardíacas ou necessidade de intervenção no período neonatal.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery: Association with Genetic Abnormalities / Diagnóstico pré-natal de artéria subclávia direita anômala: associação com anormalidades genéticas

Abstract Objective The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of malformations and chromosomal abnormalities in a population of fetuses with an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA). Methods This is a 6-year retrospective study of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of ARSA conducted during the period between September 2013 and June 2019 at a fetal medicine unit. Data were collected from ultrasound, fetal echocardiograms, genetic studies, and neonatal records. Results An ARSA was diagnosed in 22 fetuses. An ARSA was an isolated finding in 18 out of 22 cases (82%). Associated abnormal sonographic findings were found in 4 cases. All cases underwent invasive testing. In 1 of the cases, a chromosomal abnormality was detected (mos 45,X [13]/46,X,e(X) (p22.1q22.1)). No cases of congenital heart disease were found in any of these fetuses. There were two cases in which the postnatal evaluation revealed amalformation: one case of hypospadias and 1 case of cleft palate. Conclusion The presence of an isolated ARSA is benign and is not associated with chromosomal abnormalities. The finding of ARSA, however, warrants a detailed fetal ultrasound in order to exclude major fetal abnormalities and other soft markers.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a frequência demalformaçães e anomalias cromossômicas em uma população de fetos com artéria subclávia direita aberrante (ARSA). Métodos Este é um estudo retrospectivo de 6 anos de fetos com diagnóstico prénatal de ARSA realizado durante o período de setembro de 2013 a junho de 2019 em uma unidade de medicina fetal. Os dados foram coletados de ultrassom, ecocardiograma fetal, estudos genéticos e registros neonatais. Resultados Um ARSA foi diagnosticado em 22 fetos. Um ARSA foi um achado isolado em 18 dos 22 casos (82%). Achados ultrassonográficos anormais associados foram encontrados em 4 casos. Todos os casos foram submetidos a testes invasivos. Em um dos casos, foi detectada uma anormalidade cromossômica (mos 45, X [13] / 46, X, e (X) (p22.1q22.1)). Nenhum caso de doença cardíaca congênita foi encontrado em qualquer um desses fetos. Houve dois casos em que a avaliação pós-natal revelou a malformação: um caso de hipospádia e 1 caso de fenda palatina. Conclusão A presença de ARSA isolado é benigna e não está associada a anormalidades cromossômicas. O achado de ARSA, no entanto, justifica uma ultrassonografia fetal detalhada para excluir anormalidades fetais importantes e outros marcadores leves.

Prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas diagnosticadas o tratadas por cateterismo cardíaco en pediatría / Prevalence of congenital heart disease diagnosed or treated by cardiac catheterism in pediatrics

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar las cardiopatías congénitas más diagnosticadas a través de cateterismo cardíaco en una población pediátrica de la costa norte colombiana durante el período de 2007 a 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y multicéntrico, cuya población corresponde al total de pacientes de 0 a 18 años en quienes se realizó cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico o terapéutico, o ambos, en diferentes ciudades de la costa norte colombiana en el período de 2007 a 2016. Para la tabulación de la información se utilizó el programa Epi Info 7.0. La muestra se integró con 4,245 pacientes. Resultados: El género predominante fue el femenino (53.5%), con una media de edad de 3.9 ± 4.9 años y una mayor prevalencia de 1 a 11 meses de vida (40.6%). Conclusiones: La comunicación interventricular fue la cardiopatía congénita más diagnosticada mediante cateterismo cardíaco (29.2%), seguida por el conducto arterioso persistente (23.1%), comunicación interauricular (11.7%), tetralogía de Fallot (6.8%), estenosis pulmonar (6.7%), transposición de grandes vasos (3.5%), atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular (2.5%), canal AV total (2.4%), doble salida ventricular derecha (2.4%), coartación de aorta (1%), insuficiencia mitral (0.98%), atresia tricuspídea (0.96%), atresia pulmonar sin comunicación interventricular (0.73%), doble salida ventricular derecha (0.5%) y otras malformaciones (4.2%).

Abstract Objective: To determine the most frequent congenital heart diseases diagnosed by cardiac catheterization in the pediatric population of the north coast of Colombia, during the period 2007 to 2016. Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective and multicentric study; the population corresponds to the total number of patients between 0 and 18 years of age in which diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization was performed in different cities of the Colombian north coast in the period 2007 to 2016. Epi Info 7.0 software was used for tabulation of information. Total sample was conformed of 4.245 patients. Results: The sex mostly involved was the female with 53.5%, a mean age of 3.9 ± 4.9 years, with a higher prevalence between 1 and 11 months of life with 40.6%. Conclusions: The ventricular septal defect was the most frequent congenital heart disease diagnosed by cardiac catheterization with 29.2%, followed in frequency by the persistent conducto with 23.1%, the atrial septal defect 11.7%, tetralogy of Fallot with 6.8%, pulmonary stenosis with 6.7%, transposition of large vessels 3.5%, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect 2.5%, total AV channel 2.4%, double right ventricular outlet 2.4%, coarctation of aorta on 1 %, mitral insufficiency 0.98%, tricuspid atresia 0.96%, pulmonary atresia without ventricular septal defect 0.73%, double right ventricular outlet 0.5% and other malformations 4.2%.

Índice de alimentación saludable e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio) en estudiantes universitarios chilenos / Healthy eating index and sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator in Chilean university students

Resumen Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios poco saludables de los estudiantes universitarios constituyen una preocupación importante para la atención medica-nutricional futura. Objetivo: Determinar el Índice de Alimentación Saludable (IAS) e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio) en universitarios chilenos. Materiales y métodos: Investigación analítica, de corte transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 420 estudiantes, a quienes se aplicó encuesta de información sociodemográfica y antropométrica. Con el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y recordatorio de 24 horas se determinó el IAS e indicador sodio/(potasio+calcio). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial utilizando el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v22.0. Resultados: El peso, talla e Índice de Masa Corporal, presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, según sexo (p<0,05). Misma situación fue encontrada en el promedio de ingesta de calorías, lípidos, carbohidratos, fibra, calcio y sodio (p<0,05). La ingesta de frutas, verduras y lácteos bajos en grasa fue mayor en mujeres (p<0,01). La mayoría de los sujetos presentaron alimentación poco saludable, siendo mayor en el caso de los hombres (p<0,05). Sólo el 6% de los hombres y 17% de las mujeres tenían una dieta cardio-protectora. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes presentan una dieta con deficiente ingesta de micronutrientes cardioprotectores, hecho que incrementa el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Abstract Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits of university students constitutes an important concern for future medical and nutritional care. Objective: To determine the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator in Chilean university students. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional research was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample of 420 students, who answered a survey covering sociodemographic and anthropometric issues. The HEI and sodium/(potassium+calcium) indicator were determined using the consumption frequency and 24-hour reminder questionnaire. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was applied through the SPSS (v22.0) program. Results: The weight, height and the body mass index (BMI) of the participants showed statistically significant differences according to their gender (p<0.05). A similar pattern was found in the average intake of calories, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium and sodium (p<0.05). Intake of fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products was higher in women (p<0.01). The majority of participating students had an unhealthy diet, with the situation being more severe in men (p<0.05). Only 6% of men and 17% of women had a cardio-protective diet. Conclusions: Students follow diets with a deficient intake of cardio-protective micronutrients, which increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Echocardiographic features of pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension with a focus on the right ventricle in dogs / Características ecocardiográficas da hipertensão pulmonar pré e pós-capilar em cães com foco no ventrículo direito

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs is a syndrome that can occur secondary to several causes, including left heart disease (postcapillary) and chronic respiratory disease (precapillary). This study evaluates morphological and functional consequences in the right ventricle (RV) of dogs with pre- and postcapillary PH through echocardiography, and also considers the severity of PH (mild, moderate or severe). Echocardiography was performed on 66 dogs of various breeds and weights (age >3 years old) which were assigned to three groups: postcapillary PH, which included mitral valve disease/endocardiosis, precapillary PH, which included chronic respiratory diseases (bronchitis, collapse of the trachea and primary lung cancer or metastasis), and finally, a healthy group of controls. The parameters for RV morphology were RV1, RV2, and RV3 for systole and diastole. The following measurements were used to assess RV systolic function: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), TAPSE:Ao (aorta), maximum velocity of the tricuspid systolic wave obtained by tissue Doppler (S'), S':Ao, right ventricle end-diastolic area (RVEDA); RVEDA:BSA (body surface area); flow velocity integral (FVI) and FVI:Ao. The variables were assessed using ANOVA. The results showed that RV3d, RV1s, S':Ao, S', and FVI were able to distinguish cases of pre- and postcapillary PH in this study. Remodeling of the RV of dogs with PH was observed, which can be influenced by the pre- or postcapillary origin of the PH, with dilation in dogs with postcapillary PH and severe PH. The results for RV systolic function were similar, with FVI and FVI:Ao showing that RV ejection function is reduced in dogs with postcapillary PH and with severe PH.(AU)

A hipertensão pulmonar (HP) em cães é uma síndrome que pode ocorrer secundária às diversas causas, dentre elas, a doença cardíaca esquerda (pós-capilar) e a doença respiratória crônica (pré-capilar). Essa é uma condição importante que motivou os objetivos do estudo: avaliar ecocardiograficamente as consequências morfológicas e funcionais no ventrículo direito (VD) dos cães acometidos com HP pré- e pós-capilar, considerando também o estágio de severidade da HP (leve, moderada ou severa). A ecocardiografia foi realizada em 66 cães de diversas raças e pesos, com pelo menos quatro anos de idade, que compuseram um grupo com doença valvar mitral, ou endocardiose, outro com doença respiratória crônica (bronquite, colapso de traqueia e neoplasia pulmonar primária ou metástase), e por último, um grupo saudável. Os parâmetros para a morfologia do VD foram RV1, RV2 e RV3 na sístole e na diástole. Para a avaliação da função sistólica do VD foram mensurados: excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE), TAPSE:Ao (aorta), velocidade máxima da onda sistólica da tricúspide obtida pelo doppler tecidual (S'), S':Ao, área do ventrículo direito no final da diástole (RVEDA); RVEDA:BSA (body superficie area); integral tempo velocidade (FVI) e FVI:Ao. As variáveis foram avaliadas por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados mostraram que RV3d, RV1s, S':Ao, S' e FVI foram capazes de distinguir casos de HP pré e pós-capilar neste estudo. Observou-se que há remodelamento do VD de cães com HP e este pode ser influenciado pela origem pré ou pós-capilar da HP, encontrando-se dilatado em cães com HP pós capilar e com HP severa. Os resultados para a função sistólica do VD foram similares, uma vez que o FVI e FVI:Ao mostraram que a capacidade de ejeção do VD está reduzida nos cães com HP pós-capilar e com HP severa.(AU)

Fístula de artéria coranária direita: relato de caso / Right coranary artery fistula: case report

A fístula de artéria coronária (CAF) é uma condição rara que envolve uma comunicação anormal entre uma artéria coronária e uma câmara cardíaca ou a outro vaso sanguíneo. A maioria das CAF são pequenas e raramente levam a sintomas. Contudo, a depender do seu local de origem e desembocadura, a CAF pode funcionar como um shunt esquerdo-direito do coração, levando a repercussões graves, como sobrecarga de volume do ventrículo direito, hipertensão pulmonar e "síndrome do roubo". No presente trabalho foi relatado o caso de um paciente assintomático com fístula de artéria coronária direita para ventrículo direito que apresentou alteração eletrocardiográfica

Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a rare condition that involves abnormal communication between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or other blood vessel. Most CAFs are small and lead to symptoms. However, depending on its place of origin and outlet, a CAF can function as a left-right heart shunt, leading to serious repercussions, such as volume overload of the right ventricle, pulmonary hypertension and "theft syndrome". In the present study, the case of an asymptomatic patient with a right coronary artery fistula for the right ventricle who presented an electrocardiographic alteration

Pressão arterial sistólica noturna e doença cerebrovascular subclinica: o estudo de anormalidades cardiovasculares e lesões cerebrais / Night-time systolic blood pressure and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: the cardiovascular abnormalities and brain lesions (cabl) study

Introdução: Embora a pressão arterial (PA) ambulatorial seja um melhor preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares do que a pressão arterial de consultório, sua associação com a doença cerebrovascular subclínica não está esclarecida. Assim, esse estudo investigou a associação dos valores da PA de consultório e ambulatorial com a doença cerebrovascular subclínica em uma coorte populacional predominantemente idosa, sem histórico de acidente vascular cerebral prévio. Material e Métodos: 828 participantes foram submetidos à monitorização ambulatorial da PA por 24 horas (MAPA), ecocardiograma, ressonância magnética cerebral no estudo Cardiac Abnormalities and Brain Lesion (CABL). PA de vigília, PA durante o sono e de 24 horas, padrão de descenso noturno, elevação matutina (EM) e variabilidade da PA de 24 horas foram avaliados. A doença cerebrovascular subclínica foi definida como infarto cerebral silencioso (ICS) e volume de hiperintensidade da substância branca (VHSB). A associação das medidas da PA com a presença de ICS e o quartil superior do log-VHSB (log-VHSB 4) também foi analisada. Resultados: ICSs foram detectados em 111 pacientes (13,4%). Na análise multivariável, apenas a PA sistólica (PAS) noturna esteve significantemente associada ao ICS [odds ratio (OR): 1,15 para cada 10mmHg, P = 0,042], independente de fatores de risco cardiovascular e parâmetros ecocardiográficos avaliados. Embora PA na vigília, durante o sono, PA de 24 horas e o padrão não dipper tenham sido significantemente associados ao log-VHSB 4, a PAS noturna apresentou a associação mais forte (OR: 1,21 para cada 10 mmHg, P = 0,003) e foi o único preditor independente comparado aos outros parâmetros da PA. Medidas da PA de consultório, EM e variabilidade da PA não foram associadas à doença cerebrovascular subclínica nas análises ajustadas. Conclusão: A PAS elevada durante o sono apresenta forte associação com a doença cerebrovascular subclínica. O estudo conclui que a PAS noturna avaliada pela MAPA permite identificar indivíduos com maior risco de lesão cerebral hipertensiva

Estado nutricional, síndrome metabólico e inflamación en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas / Nutritional condition, metabolic syndrome and inflammation in patients with Chagas disease

El propósito de este estudio fue describir la asociación entre el estado nutricional, la presencia de síndrome metabólico (SM), y el estado inflamatorio, en pacientes con Enfermedad de Chagas (ECh), atendidos en la consulta externa del Instituto de Medicina Tropical en Caracas. El estudio fue de tipo transversal y correlacional, en el cual se seleccionaron 34 pacientes a los cuales se les realizó un diagnóstico parasitológico, inmunológico y molecular de la ECh. Se evaluaron variables antropométricas, clínicas y bioquímicas, así como el SM el cual fue determinado por los criterios del III Panel estadounidense para el Tratamiento de Adultos del Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol (ATP-III, por sus siglas en inglés). Se encontró que la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron sobrepeso u obesidad (73,5%), un porcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) alto o muy alto (82,3%), y obesidad abdominal (61,8 %). La frecuencia de SM fue de 29,4% y más del 90% mostraron valores elevados de Proteína C Reactiva ultrasensible (PCRus). Valores más elevados del IMC se asociaron con un estadio más avanzado de la ECh. Los sujetos con presencia de ADN de Tripanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) circulante en sangre, presentaron mayor % GC, y en su mayoría, fueron diagnosticados con SM. En conclusión, los pacientes evaluados mostraron un exceso de adiposidad, que puede favorecer el estado inflamatorio, el desarrollo de SM y la progresión de la ECh(AU)

The purpose of the study was to describe the association between nutritional and inflammatory status and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) on patients with Chagas disease (CD) treated at the Outpatient Services of the Tropical Medicine Institute in Caracas, Venezuela. The study was cross-sectional and correlational. Thirty-four (34) patients were selected and a molecular, immunological, and parasitological diagnostic test was ran for Chagas disease. Anthropometric, clinic, and biochemical variables were evaluated, and the MS was determined using National Cholesterol Education Program Expert/Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) criteria. The results showed a high percentage of patients overweight or presenting obesity (73.5%), a high and very high percentage of body fat (82.3%), and abdominal obesity (61.8%). The prevalence of MS was 29,4% and more than 90% of patients showed elevated values of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Higher body-mass index values were associated with advanced stages of the CD. Subjects in the presence of T. cruzi DNA in the blood showed a greater percentage of body fat and, most of them, were diagnosed with MS. In conclusion, the evaluated patients showed an excess of adiposity which may favor an inflammatory status, the development of the MS, and the progress of the CD(AU)

Impresión 3D de rara patología congénita de aorta y vasos supraaórticos / 3-Dimensional impression of a rare congenital disease of aortic and supra-aortic vessels

Resumen El divertículo de Kommerell es una anomalía de muy baja incidencia y prevalencia en la edad pediátrica. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 11 años de edad, con diagnóstico de divertículo de Kommerell con arco aórtico derecho y origen anómalo de arteria subclavia izquierda desde la rama pulmonar izquierda a través de conducto arterioso persistente. Dado que es una anomalía cardiovascular compleja se decidió realizar un modelo impreso en 3 D, el cual proporcionó una mejor comprensión de su distribución espacial, tamaño y forma real, como si fuera una pieza de anatomía patológica. Este modelo ayudó en la toma de decisiones, planificación y seguridad de la ejecución de una posible cirugía cardiaca. Este es el primer reporte de caso de este tipo de anomalía, así como el primer prototipo cardíaco impreso en modo tridimensional realizado en Perú para el tratamiento de la misma.

Abstract Kommerell's diverticulum is an anomaly of very low incidence and prevalence in paediatrics. A case is presented of an 11 year-old patient with a diagnosis of Kommerell's diverticulum with a right aortic arch and a left subclavian artery of anomalous origin from the pulmonary branch through a patent ductus arteriosus. Given that this was a complex cardiovascular anomaly, it was decided to make a print model in 3-D. This provided a better understanding of its spatial distribution, size, and real shape, as it was a histopathology piece. This model helped in taking planning and safety decisions on any possible cardiac surgery. This is the first report of a case of this type of anomaly, as well as the first prototype of a cardiac print in 3-dimensional mode, performed in Peru.

Hybrid treatment of complex aortic arch anomaly with saccular aneurysm

Abstract Aortic arch anomalies are not clinically important unless they cause compression symptoms due to aneurysmatic dilatation. Aortic anomalies need to be treated when they cause complex thoracic aortic diseases, and the treatment approach has evolved over time from open surgical methods, which have high mortality and morbidity rates, to hybrid methods. A case of a 68-year-old male patient with complex aortic arch anomaly treated with hybrid arch repair is reported in this study. Aortic branches were common carotid trunk and aberrant right subclavian artery with a saccular aneurysm.

Litiasis renal y riesgo cardiovascular / Nephrolithiasis and cardiovascular risk

La litiasis renal es una enfermedad frecuente cuya prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. En la actualidad se la considera como una patología sistémica; no limitada al riñón y a las vías urinarias, sino relacionada en gran medida a diabetes mellitus, obesidad, hipertensión arterial, hiperuricemia, hipercolesterolemia y enfermedad renal crónica, todos factores de riesgo cardiovascular que suelen vincularse a eventos severos como accidentes cerebrovasculares, enfermedad coronaria o infarto agudo de miocardio. Numerosos estudios transversales y meta-análisis han demostrado la asociación entre estas dos entidades. En esta revisión intentaremos demostrar los mecanismos involucrados en la fisiopatología de la litiasis renal y su relación con enfermedad cardiovascular. Como mecanismos involucrados, se mencionan tres asociaciones. La primera se refiere al estrés oxidativo y la inflamación. La segunda asociación se refiere a la presencia de mecanismos litogénicos que contribuyen a la calcificación vascular. Como última teoría se realiza la asociación ya conocida, de obesidad, síndrome metabólico, diabetes e hipertensión arterial, todos factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de litiasis renal así como de enfermedad cardiovascular, recordando que la litiasis renal es causa, en un 8%, del desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica, otro factor de riesgo para enfermedad y muerte cardiovascular. Como conclusión se confirma la teoría de que la litiasis renal no es una enfermedad limitada al riñón y la vía urinaria, si no que se trata de una enfermedad sistémica, con riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares tan severos que pueden llevar a la muerte.

Renal lithiasis is a frequent disease whose prevalence has increased in recent years. Nowadays it is considered as a systemic pathology, not limited to the kidney and the urinary tract, but largely related to diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, hyperuricemia, hypercholesterolemia and chronic kidney disease; all cardiovascular risk factors that are usually linked to severe events such as stroke, coronary heart disease or acute myocardial infarction. Numerous cross-sectional studies and meta-analyzes have proved the association between renal lithiasis and cardiovascular disease. In this review we will try to demonstrate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of these two entities. Three associations are mentioned. The first one refers to oxidative stress and inflammation. The second association refers to the presence of lithogenetic mechanisms contributing to vascular calcification. The last theory is the already known correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and hypertension; all risk factors for the development of renal lithiasis as well as cardiovascular disease. Let us remember that renal lithiasis is the cause, in 8% of cases, of the development of chronic kidney disease, another risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death. In conclusion, the theory that renal lithiasis is not a disease limited to the kidney and the urinary tract is confirmed; it is rather a systemic disease, with a risk of cardiovascular events so severe that they can lead to death.